International Harmonization and Global Perspectives on AI Regulation: Promotion and Challenges

Paper Code: AIJACLAV07RP2025

Category: Research Paper

Date of Publication: May 19, 2025

Citation: Mrs. Lubna Sadaf Naqvi & Dr. Bikasdev Chhura, “International Harmonization and Global Perspectives on AI Regulation: Promotion and Challenges", 5, AIJACLA, 66, 66-75 (2025), <https://www.aequivic.in/post/international-harmonization-and-global-perspectives-on-ai-regulation-promotion-and-challenges>

Author Details: Mrs. Lubna Sadaf Naqvi, Research Scholar Nims University Jaipur, Rajasthan &

Dr. Bikasdev Chhura, Assistance Professor Nims University Jaipur, Rajasthnan

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Abstract

Globally addressing AI and harmonization regulation is an important perspective where it is necessary to observe how AI has been developed to function globally in order to balance the relationships between the various nations and enable the marginalized countries to connect with other developed countries in order to perform in the proper way. When applied properly and constructively, artificial intelligence(AI) can be used to bridge the divide between nations and people in the event of conflict. AI is one of the greatest technologies available to give everyone the ability to perform things more effectively in this day and age, when everyone is competing to become stronger by utilizing a variety of new innovations and technologies. As a researcher, I will be able to determine how AI is helping to alleviate the strain on nations, their conflicts, their relationships, and the difference between AI and human thought processes. Since AI is a human invention, people have charged it with guiling people and their thoughts in its direction. The AI has been trained by humans to recognize a wide range of undesirable objects that could harm people. The data will be secondary , and the methodology will be empirical and logical. The use of AI techniques to preserve world peace will be the main emphasis of my research. Making AI simple enough that it may be handled well even if done incorrectly will be a challenging and promotional topic. The world must also keep a watch on what individuals are doing with AI’s assistance.

Keyword: Cooperation, International Harmonization, Standard, Artificial Intelligence, Global development, Policies.

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide standardization along with AI regulation serves as a vital condition to create responsible AI systems that operate internationally. The new era of AI provides substantial opportunities to diminish world distances and settle conflicts because achieving harmony stands essential for overseas relations. Artificial Intelligence has experienced rapid development to cause significant modifications across healthcare, transportation and financial industries. The extensive deployment of AI systems creates major ethical and legal and regulatory obstacles that mainly affect matters of accountability and liability and cross-border governance. The development of international AI regulatory policies investigates blend two critical obstacles: differing approaches between regulators and ethical matters related to AI-driven decision systems. The paper analyses multiple jurisdictions' AI regulatory frameworks with special focus on EU along with US and China to investigate their regulatory capabilities and weaknesses. The paper evaluates how international organizations including United Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development work to drive global AI governance standardization as well as international cooperation. This paper explores the intricate accountability and liability matters in AI systems by evaluating legal systems which handle these problems along with their limitations regarding assigning responsibility to artificial intelligence decisions. Despite the transformative potential of AI, its regulation remains fragmented across borders. Various regulatory frameworks control AI technologies in different regions and nations because each area possesses separate economic priorities to military objectives and value frameworks. The European union and united state alongside China followed unique regulatory approaches to supervise AI systems which handle risks at high levels. The implementation of the AI system framework has attracted various approaches since it focuses on an AI-driven infrastructure that establishes strict mechanisms for controlling technologies. AI technology advancement faces important challenges because of different jurisdictions maintaining separate regulatory rules that businesses and organizations within their districts must navigate. Regulatory standards lack of harmonization proves to be obstacles for compliance while causing damage to global collective efforts required for responsible AI system development. The framework should aim to unite international regulations about AI to solve operational problems across national borders and boost innovative development while establishing trust in AI technology.

1. GLOBAL COOPERATION AND AI REGULATION

The initiative promotes international teamwork between countries and organizations and stakeholders to create standardized AI regulatory systems. Global cooperation with artificial intelligence includes many different variations in approaches which mirror the legal and cultural together with economic contexts surrounding artificial intelligence development and deployment. Effective governance stands as an essential increase because the artificial intelligence technologies continue to advance. People now base their AI debate on ethical standards because this technology handles vital decisions regarding hiring selections and criminal sentencing and credit ratings. Various organizations are concerned about legal responsibilities when natural and artificial intelligence systems cause harm to individual rights because they have increasingly embraced AI technologies. AI applications function internationally through borderless operations that affect all stakeholders. The European Union has presented the Artificial Intelligence Act as an initial effort to establish global border regulations for artificial intelligence systems. The implementation of artificial intelligence aims to facilitate global connectivity based on which japan and south Korea developed multiple AI tools and techniques to enhance human living standards through voice-operated robotic devices.

Many technologies have emerged in recent times but they lack the necessary national harmony. The world is currently going through the Cold War era in which countries implement biological weapons. The development of new weapons depends on the artificial intelligence systems which countries adopt. Such legislation was established to restrict states from employing these technologies against human beings. The human being stands as the essential element needed to create AI systems.

AI technology faces multiple hurdles before it can command artificial intelligence properly because various tasks need completing. The European Union bases its approach on fundamental rights together with ethical principles that include fairness and transparency and privacy while it works to achieve innovation along with protecting individual rights.

 (Agbese et al., 2021). AI threatens protected fundamental rights since it enables access to personal information without consent. Customers now acquire new smartphones containing AI analytics tools for monitoring individual life data without user authorization. When users operate their mobile phone camera we see an AI system that assists with picture and other application editorial processes. Through Chatgpt we use in education to prepare quick lectures and papers but students skip brain engagement thus shortening their work time. The individual AI regulations in different regions shape the possible development of cross-border AI systems. International operating companies have to deal with multiple regulatory systems that frequently clash with one another creating barriers for innovation and increasing their compliance expenses. The international organization actively promotes global collaboration and gives advice on responsible AI governance but face obstacles to complete global regulatory coherence because there are no enforceable tools and nations maintain different political objectives. AI evolutions require governments and international bodies to join forces for creating an integrated regulatory system that drives responsible innovative developments regarding AI technology deployment.

1.2 STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

The OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence define basic rules and ideal operating procedures for AI development together with deployment and utilization. The international organization supports global AI governance through active promotion of country-level cooperation to handle the fast-paced development challenges AI presents to nations. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD) leads the development process for AI regulation guidelines together with recommendations. The OECD adopted its Artificial Intelligence principles in 2019 to establish essential aspects including fairness standards as well as transparency rules and accountability frameworks and growth inclusivity promotion. These principles function as universal guidelines for controlling Ai operations to stimulate nations in the creation of responsible regulation toward beneficial AI development which upholds societal values. The OECD approaches Artificial intelligence relies on cross-border collaboration to reduce distance between international borders while countries establish good political and economic relations through mutual assistance across distinct fields. The natural global nature of AI development and deployment enables regulatory efforts to provide coordination reducing risks that potentially harm innovation (Ayling & Chapman,2021). The OECD principles also UNSECO have provided their support to develop global Artificial Intelligence governance of ethical guidelines for AI. The UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization adopted its inaugural worldwide AI ethics in 2021 to establish basic human rights standards during AI development and deployment processes. UNSECO works toward two objectives to guarantee that AI technologies develop properly and serve fundamental human rights while supporting worldwide sustainable development. 

 1.3 CAPACITY BUILDING

Developing technical programs and capacity development initiatives for developing nations allows them to build their own AI regulatory framework. The countries construct their independent AI regulatory systems to compete along other superpower nations because technology evolves continually and all nations pursue innovative national strengthening approaches. These countries force their populations to master AI knowledge and framework since AI operates through educational institutions throughout their teaching-learning activities. People foresee a new time where they expect novel approaches as well as numerous modern techniques and skills during the upcoming period. As all the people and country need advancement in their path. Many people deploy AI throughout the different sectors without comprehending its harmful effects and beneficial aspects because some users apply this technology to violate personal rights. Countries need to create AI regulations which will identify appropriate users of this technology for national benefit. The nation should establish AI regulations because such measures will enhance workflow quality while protecting human safety. Various states have established diverse laws about AI regulation since they differ in how comfortable they are with their AI domains.

Several governments now enforce laws which demand transparency in addition to accountability whenever facial recognition technology gets used. The present-day world has technology all around while individuals utilize it although educated users understand technology fundamentals yet non-educated individuals manage technology through sheer ignorance regarding its positive and negative aspects. Many people among the mobile phone user base remain unaware about both the built-in features of their devices and the third-party behaviour that accesses their data and monitors their phone activities. There is a need for clarification because people require information about technology utilization conditions. The expanded freedom of operation for AI systems has become a matter of concern regarding their resulting choices.

1.4 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

The process of designing accountable AI requires government entities and industry organizations to work alongside civil society groups toward developing ethical standards for artificial intelligence use because AI regulation implementation needs both public and private sector participants to present responsible details to their users. According to Vedic studies humanity has reached the beginning of its dependency on machines as new technology launches daily making humans serve machines for all purposes. The invention of numerous technologies including robots serves two major purposes: assisting humans in their work while simultaneously removing available job opportunities for people. The disaster we generate for our own benefit is setting itself into the modern world. Technologies emerge from human creative minds for human purposes but we misuse them which makes every person and the government responsible for monitoring newly introduced technology and its performance within society. The ethical standards face deterioration and social harmony becomes threatened because of these developments. (Agbese et al., 2021)

Society urgently demands to understand who bears responsibility for decisions and actions taken by autonomously advanced AI systems. The accountability framework for AI system identifies who is responsible for each phase of its development from design to deployment alongside its operational use so they can face consequences arising from adverse actions. AI systems must receive scrutiny from the government together with industrial leaders and civil society to determine their operational quality and dependence reliability.

2. GLOBAL PERSEPECTIVE ON AI REGULATION

AI demand continues to increase globally with each passing day because people use this technology throughout numerous platforms since many things became digital during the pandemic. The digital apps stored on Google Play Store enable us to make money transfers instantly from wherever we are located. New technologies which we routinely use during our daily life include many products that help humans. This product-driven trend has penetrated deeply into human society through our adoption of current trends. We have stopped thinking with our brains when it comes to this matter. World governments pursue AI regulations because they observe public demands together with comfort needs to establish better lives through AI systems. These points describe this view of AI:

2.1 THE EUROPEAN UNION’S AI REGULATION

According to the EU's artificial intelligence regulation it establishes sticker rules for applications that present high risk elements while using a risk-based framework. The European Union stands as one of the initial regional organizations to build a board regulatory system for AI internationally. The Artificial Intelligence Act implements a risk-based structure which divides AI applications into unexpected risk, high risk, limited risk together with minimal risk categories. By law the regulation establishes transparency and safety measures for high-risk AI systems which operate in healthcare transportation or law enforcement organizations. The provisions ensure AI systems function properly while humans supervise them and documents are maintained so inspections and understanding remain possible. Every person within the EU possesses fundamental rights which receive protection through centrist ethical principles of fairness combined with transparency and privacy requirements and require innovative strategies to balance their personal rights (Agbese et al., 2021). The European Union devotes its attention primarily to individual rights and ethical principles which face potential harm while using AI applications. All rights of human beings possess premier status since they represent the most crucial elements to defend. Other users employing AI technology potentially endanger the rights of individuals because of this technological system. People who make deep fake videos without understanding the individual involved are violating personal freedom through this rule breaking practice.

The AI system marks an important development while people criticize it both for its impact on businesses and economic development. The AI system has triggered numerous hackers to breach websites and apps while new scams occur because humans misuse AI technology which they created through their responsibilities to use AI properly for future safeguarding human existence.

2.2 UNITED STATES’ AI INITIATIVE

In its US AI initiative the government aims to advance domestic AI innovation through security-centred reforms because the sector-specific regulations in the country demonstrate scattered enforcement. EU adopted a detailed regulatory structure but the USA directs its AI regulations through different government bodies that deal with distinct industry sectors. In healthcare sector FDA manages approval procedures for medical devices using AI technology but FTC exercises authority to monitor data privacy and consumer protection matters resulting from AI applications. US government authorities have released guidelines that outline standards for responsible AI development while emphasizing fairness together with transparency and absence of discrimination. The recommendations lack enforcement power because they do not possess the same legal authority as official rules and suffer from insufficient action against rising AI-related moral and legal concerns (Ayling & Chapman, 2021). The self-regulatory practices of U.S. industries to control AI technologies remain the most pressing drawback according to critics who maintain these approaches are insufficient to handle AI-related risks.

2.3 CHINA’S AI GOVERNANCE

The Chinese government has developed a regulatory structure for AI which requires social responsibility as well as human supervision. China holds the top position in AI research and development worldwide which drives their specialized and unified method toward AI regulations. Through its economic and technological vision, the Chinese government has established AI as its central element while pursuing extensive AI goals throughout healthcare together with transportation systems and national security measures. The Chinese government continues to maintain active involvement through regulations that establish boundaries for AI ethical development while executing those standards. The ethical principles related to AI usage focus specifically on how to use AI responsibly in critical areas which include facial recognition along with surveillance technologies. The AI regulatory approach of China guides through government control while the state retains primary authority in AI development and supervision.

The Chinese success in developing AI technology faces privacy-related challenges because its regulatory system creates security concerns regarding surveillance and AI social control capabilities. The unclear nature of China's regulatory oversight together with a lack of independent monitoring generates concerns about AI technologies that could infringe upon personal rights and freedoms (Barrance et al,.2022). However, the application of AI technologies should respect individual rights for safe usage without abuse occurring or violations being made. All three parties in the EU, U.S. AND China have established laws that emphasize individual rights together with transparency when utilizing AI services because national actors place privacy protection as their highest priority when implementing new technology.

2.4 INDIA’S AI STRATEGY

India has defined its national AI strategy through its efforts to support AI applications that benefit society and establish AI governance procedures. India launched its national strategy for Artificial Intelligence(AI) in 2018 with the purpose of becoming a global AI leadership force. The strategy employs artificial intelligence to accelerate economic growth together with expanding social inclusion among people. MeitY began implementing the National Program on Artificial Intelligence to build a whole program dedicated to using transformative technologies which support social impact through promotion of adaptation and inclusive practices and creative use for Actualizing the India AI vision. The four main objectives that India aims to achieve through AI involve economic growth alongside social inclusion alongside responsible AI development alongside international collaboration.

The country of India is investing effort into machine learning and deep learning applications for artificial intelligence development. India as above mentioned is most focusing on Economic Growth as India is all set to boost the GDP and income rate of the people so that people can be more advanced and by this India has opened the doors of tourism and Destination wedding and many other objects that boost the economic growth of India, secondly the Social Inclusion India is trying to include the marginalized communities in various program and scheme so that they can get the benefit of it and they can also be used in the economic growth of India. Indian Transgender individuals face complete social exclusion but the SMILE Scheme delivers benefits while enabling their entry into society through education and job opportunities coupled with fresh skill development programs. Several new enterprises based in India receive advantages through their start-ups.

 The three aspects of AI development in India include the Indian Economic which focuses on increasing economic development and the Indian people's skills and responsible AI that prioritizes ethical AI standards through transparency and fairness and accountability. India plans to create laws and take charge of AI application use to prevent any misuse of AI systems by people while safeguarding human rights and personal freedoms through the development of combined solutions for its citizens and international countries. The Indian government seeks to work internationally with other nations to build AI solutions for emerging economies. A connection must develop between India and other nations to better understand AI regulation frameworks. Cross-national cooperation between India and other countries will enable solution finding for the issues created by AI applications. Strategy on the ground of Research and Development, Data Marketplace. The Indian national strategy prioritizes AI skills along with AI solution as its key focuses to deal with everything related to AI application.

3. CHALLENGES TO INTERNATIONAL HARMONIZATION

3.1 DIVERSE REGULATORY APPORACH

Each country maintains its own approach to AI regulation which poses difficulties for achieving harmonization because each nation faces unique challenges regarding the application and regulation of AI while the main obstacle involves standardizing ethical principles among countries because there remains lack of universal agreement regarding ethical terminology in AI. Transparency and fairness remain generally accepted ethical principles even though stakeholders lack consensus concerning their implementation practices. The definition of AI fairness demands an assessment both of what causes bias alongside a specific method to measure bias that differs among various stakeholder groups. The principles of transparency create difficulty when determining which level of explain ability AI systems need and if complete transparency should always be pursued. The existence of ambiguous ethical standards produces barriers for global ethical standardization because borders apply these principles with varying interpretations and implementation methods ( Brown et al,. 2021).

The worldwide acceptance of AI ethical standards continues to grow but various regions face important hurdles when trying to synchronize their ethical principles. Due to assorted ethical framework that stems from different cultural and political contexts worldwide it becomes challenging to create standardized global norms. Creating a shared ethical guideline for AI requires extensive international discussions that include government and organizational entities alongside stakeholders because this foundation will direct AI's responsible deployment and usage across national borders.

4 EMPRICIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH

4.1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AI REGULATION

 A comparison of AI regulatory approaches between countries should be conducted to discover top-level standards together with opportunities for coordinated policies.

4.2 IMPACT ASSESMENT OF AI REGULATION

 To measure the effectiveness of AI regulation standards performance impact assessments, need to be performed.

4.3 STAKEHOLDER ENGANGEMENT AND PARTICIPATION

 The assessment of how stakeholders should participate in AI governance procedures must guarantee that multiple viewpoints get included.

4.4 GLOBAL AI GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK

Officials should develop and evaluate global AI governance framework to achieve international cooperation and harmonization.

5. OBJECTIVES

1. The regulatory approaches for AI between the EU and the US and China and India should be analysed.

2. The analysis will outline both successful methods and specific points of agreement to advance the development of an efficient AI regulatory system.

3. Organizations should work on solving international AI governance problems because they need unified worldwide guidelines to regulate AI.

4. Organization needs to develop AI technology in a manner that brings advantages to every social segment and tackles worldwide problems.

6.  CONCULSION

Furthermore, the speed of development and deployment of AI technologies across different geographical localities have accentuated the need for global harmonization in regulation. AI systems do not honour national borders, and the effects of AI – both adverse and beneficial – are felt worldwide. As AI technologies spread across multiple sector including healthcare, finance, law enforcement and transportation, the demand international coordinated standards become acute. There is a legal uncertainty, compliance cost for business with cross-border operation and it introduces difficulty to ensure the safety and ethical deployment of AI system that seamlessly operate across the borders. The absence of harmonized standards underlines challenges of fragmented regulation that hindering cross-border cooperation, erect gate for innovation and even threaten fundamental rights like data privacy and non-discrimination. It creates context for cooperative measures to have a harmonised regulatory framework as critical to ensure that the AI system are both effective and equitable around the world. The core objective of any nation is that the liberty and the rights of individuals must be protected and secured. The AI can be abused to create false evidence; therefore, the countries should definitely be protective and responsible when using the AI applications and educate their people about the pros and cons of the AI applications, and until the regulation, framework and laws are in the right direction, AI should be used cautiously.

REFFERENCE

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2.Ayling,  J.,  &  Chapman,  A.  (2021).  Putting  AI  Ethics  to  Work:  Are  the  Tools  Fit  for  Purpose? Ai  and  Ethics,2(3),  405-429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00084-x

3.Barrance,  E.,  Kazim,  E.,  Hilliard,  A.,  Trengove,  M.,  Zannone,  S.,  &  Koshiyama,  A.  (2022).  Overview  and  Commentary  of  the  CDEI's Extended Roadmap to an Effective AI Assurance Ecosystem. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence,5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frai.2022.932358

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5.Burr, C., & Leslie, D. (2022). Ethical Assurance: A Practical Approach to the Responsible Design, Development, and Deploymentof Data-Driven Technologies. Ai and Ethics,3(1), 73-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00178-0

6.Huang, K., Joshi, A., Dun, S., & Hamilton, N. (2024). Ai regulations. In Generative AI Security: Theories and Practices (pp. 61-98). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.

7.Kiani & Shafiee26Georgieva, I., Lazo, C., Timan, T., & Veenstra, A. F. v. (2022). From AI Ethics Principles to Data Science Practice: A Reflection and a Gap Analysis  Based  on  Recent  Frameworks  and  Practical  Experience. Ai  and  Ethics,2(4),  697-711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-021-00127-3

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